Case Briefs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Briefs - Assignment Example In 1976, the plaintiff took the case to a district court in Michigan State. In 1979, the Michigan’s district court dismissed the case in favor of the defendant Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets Inc. As an appellant, Carson appealed at the US Court of Appeals in Michigan State. The case was finally decided under the Michigan Court of Appeals 6th Circuit in 1983 (Smith, 21). In the district court, the plaintiff claimed that use of the phrase â€Å"Here’s Johnny† by the defendant amounted to violation of fair competition laws and invasion of privacy rights by the defendant. At the Courts of Appeals, the appellant maintained that use of the phrase in the defendant’s business amounted to unfair competition, invasion of privacy rights and invasion of right of publicity. The district court dismissed the case because the plaintiff failed to prove that use of the phrase by the defendant meets likelihood of confusion standards. The Courts of Appeals restrained the defendant, Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets Inc., from further use of the phrase â€Å"Here’s Johnny.† The district court reasoned that under Michigan common law, there was no likelihood of confusion among consumers of Here’s Johnny Portable Toilets Inc. and those of Carson’s apparel businesses. However, the Courts of Appeals reasoned that publicity rights belongs entirely to John Carson, and cannot be duplicated by third parties (Smith, 23). The Defendant, Time Warner, Inc. released digital formats of artists’ sound recordings through the internet. The online digital content generated substantial revenues, which were allegedly distributed to artists and assignees in a subjective manner. The Plaintiff, Tony Silvester et al, sued to recover compensation and damages resulting from breach of contract between the artists and the recording companies. The case was first brought to the US District Court of Southern New York in June 2000. After dismissal by the court in June 2002,

Dehydration - Research paper and PowerPoint Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dehydration - and PowerPoint - Research Paper Example Dehydration requires immediate therapy via rehydrating the body with fluids and also treating the underlying cause. It can be tested for by a physical examination which reveals features like sunken eyes and an increased heart rate and also via laboratory tests which include complete blood count, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. This condition must be dealt with immediately as it can prove to be fatal in severe cases. â€Å"Dehydration describes a state of negative fluid balance that may be caused by numerous disease entities. Diarrheal illnesses are the most common etiologies. Worldwide, dehydration secondary to diarrheal illness is the leading cause of infant and child mortality.† (Huang H., Anchala K.R., Ellsbury D.L. & George C.S. 2009). Water is an essential component of life and it is a vital part of existence of living matter. Proper hydration of the human body is extremely essential for carrying out the normal bodily activities. Water in the human body is divided into proper compartments which chiefly include the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. This extracellular volume comprises principally of fluid between the cells and the fluid that lies with the vascular compartment. Equilibrium between the water that is taken in and the water that is lost from the human body is very important. Water is lost from the body in the form of urine, feces, breathing and by the proce ss of evaporation. This loss needs to be compensated for. The body performs its mechanisms which include hormonal stimulation and nervous signals which stimulate the thirst center and also the renal function of re-absorption of water is brought into action. This leads to the maintenance of balance between water taken in and lost. Any imbalance in this normal equilibrium can result in the condition which is known as dehydration. Dehydration is the state of the body in which there is decreased amount of

Female Management Roles in Construction

Female Management Roles in Construction The subject presented in this article is about the neglect of women in carrying out corporate roles despite their education in the areas of expertise. Even though there has been affirmative action and equal opportunity embedded in the strategy of corporate recruitment, the needs of the woman civil engineer has not been fully met. It has been very difficult for the women to get to the top most management positions. The lack of enough education, training as well as experience before, to some point, explained the problems women experienced in getting management jobs. Nowadays, a large and indeed an increasing percentage of women in UK are as well competent as any man. This has led to a better gender allocation of jobs, but occupational isolation has remained a chief problem. Even though more women now are in management positions, they tend to be bunched at lower management levels and in less important areas. In all cases, though, their way in to top managerial jobs has ever been severel y restricted. Moreover, educational systems, the mass media as well as the recruitment and procedures of promotion have habitually institutionalized particular gender biases and unconsciously continue to effect discriminatory practices with in relation to women. Governments, enterprises together with organizations, have from the time in the past explored ways of eradicating discrimination as portrayed in this article making sure that there is gender equality. Perhaps the greatest obstacle is still how to make the structures within organizations more sensitive to gender equality concepts and practice. All workers and employers associations have a predominantly important role to play in motivating workplace change in attitudes as well as practices to promote gender equality by and large and to identify and encourage definite strategies to enable women to get to higher levels of management and break through this glass ceiling. This article explains the plight of the woman and desires that the women ought to be accorded rights which are equal to those of male counterparts. The point here is that there should be no unfairness, but also that women ought to be able to take pleasure in all their rights, which demands the identification together with the elimination of obstacles other than the ones of a legal nature. It is here discussed that women are entitled to the gratification of all human rights, including those pertinent to economic development together with resources. The absence of equal right of entry to resources and the opportunities represents a refutation of universal human rights, thus creating obstacles to fairness between women and men that carry on womens economic inequality and also poverty. Equal treatment women as indicated in this article in economic and social life is therefore a precondition for the full achievement of these rights. In addition, organization culture suggests that the nature of the work environment especially in the construction sector faced by women who aspire to management positions determines their fate more than their own traits, skills and behaviors. Behavioral double-binds, communication and leadership styles, old boy networks, tokenism, and differing male and female attitudes towar d power are other behavioral and cultural explanations. Its undoubtedly that remarkable progress has been achieved in boosting women presentation into professions and managerial jobs over recent years. In the UK, the number of women in the executive management positions is relatively low compared to their qualifications. They comprised a very small number of executives in the surveyed organizations in this article. All through, the article is in pursuit of equality in the management to be shown in the female civil engineers of UK. It seeks to nullify the notion that professionalism is a concept dominated by men. The work in the construction industry is very robust at times and will at call upon those in management to actively participate in it. Entering a male dominated workplace is somewhat uncomfortable to the full action that can be taken by the woman in doing her chores as a manager. There could be sexual jokes and a language that the woman could not tolerate. The setting of a civil engineering job portrays a lot of physicality and the context therein could affect women as they may feel uncomfortable. The representation of women in the field of civil engineering is very poor especially at the senior levels of management. The structure and organization of the civil engineering firms seem to have a lot of problems for the female gender. Methodology and Participant profile The article made use of qualitative research by adopting an ethnographic approach to data collection, with interviews which were semi-structured as the main method. The main idea to be researched here was to establish the experience of women construction engineers in their profession. This qualitative research goes against the grain of using numerical data to obtain results. The approach used in this article has organized narrative or words to discover themes and relationships in a non-numerical way. Qualitative data is that which is not easily measurable and it is not completely objective but may require judgment and interpretation. The researcher has also played an important role in the experiment unintentionally by interpreting the results; although as the research data analysis of the results this paper was completed by getting reference to many other sources and thus, it is felt that this increased the rigor and validity of this qualitative work. The ethnographic approach to this work is most appropriate as both sets of participants (women in design and building sites) are all human beings. This means that general patterns of experiences in the work are compatible except in different or exceptional contexts. Throughout the study justification is given for actions. Answers for questions which the researcher may have asked are answered giving this research rigor and validity. However if being very critical, one could mention that this is not a valid time scale and therefore could be a weakness also. The articles aim is to identify to what extent the women in civil engineering and constructions have been incorporated in the management level in the industry. Information for this research was gathered using an ethnographic approach. To do this observation plus detailed field notes were taken. In this stage of the research article, (the abstract) the information is very superficial but does give an interest to continue reading. This qualitative researcher blends and montages to form a new comprehensive creation or a new meaningful whole out of distinct parts of what the researcher is studying or in other words out of reality. The researcher thus can be described as a quilt-maker; a quilt-maker who uses a muti-method approach to compose a complex, and richer study of the issues affecting women civil engineers in UK. Consequently it has no essential definition, for it is never just one thing. It apparently attempts to define cultural studies. After that, some academic and disciplinary resistances to qualitative research are studied and followed by a discussion of the major differences in research styles between qualitative and quantitative approaches. In brief, qualitative approach emphasizes value, ethnographic prose, rich descriptions, answering the how question On the other hand, the quantitative approach emphasizes measurements, value-free, analysis of relationships, objective, empirical methods, impersonal third person prose The history of qualitative research is summarized in several eras. In each of these eras, the researchers have been influenced by their political hopes and ideologies, discovering findings in their research that confirmed prior theories or beliefs. Qualitative research in the first place focused on the objective, the norms, and the classical ethnography. Later on the modernist phase known by the golden age followed. The second era stressed the analysis of the qualitative materials in standardized statistical forms. The blurred genres gave way to a more pluralistic, open ended perspective. The scientific form of the golden age ended on the door steps of a wide range of paradigms, and ways of collecting and analyzing empirical materials. The fourth moment or the crisis of representation in the mid-1980s was the result of the blurred genres. The researcher in the article here questioned models of truth, methods, and representations in establishing the plight of women civil engineers. Identification and Discussion of Strength and Weaknesses The challenge that has been there for many women in the civil engineering field has been that of balancing the work and no-work roles. This has been a great burden at home and also at the workplace which may not really be the case with men. Though the discrimination from the social and organization is hard to shatter, sometimes it is women themselves who are reluctant to take the first step to break the ceiling which originate from their mind. Moreover, hard working is the fundamental weapon that leads every person to the way of success. There are no any tricks or techniques to break this wall that has been placed before them. Every successful woman just proves their capability with tremendous effort. To counter such factors, a jointed effort is essential on all levels by all kinds of organizations and institutions. As seen in this article, the current anti-discrimination legislation and equal opportunity initiatives assume that equality will be achieved if organizations treat women the same as men. The approach draws primarily on liberal, sameness notion of equality where sameness is judged against a unitary standard of male characteristics and behavior. This is problematic because it ignores womens relationship to the private sphere. Unless difference is recognized and taken into account women will not be able to compete equally and on their own (rather than on male) terms. Such issues like the benefits of maternity leave, sabbaticals, the phasing in of working hours, working one day a week from home, employees can return to work after the first, second and even third child are a major threat to the management in construction works. Whereas, a good company lets a person to bring their whole self to work, women could find it challenging to embark on such issues. Feeling stretched is not a dereliction of duty and there we will keep working on implementing more policies which benefit women in the work environment. Positive action, equal opportunity policies, prevention of sexual harassment policies, diversity management, mentoring, and the tracking and monitoring of the progress of both men and women were identified as useful ways to level the playing field and improve gender equality in training, recruitment and promotion at organizational level. Conclusion In conclusion, it is the commitment of top management of a firm on which the success of these policies depends. Such commitment can only spring from an awareness that competitive companies cannot afford to lose out on womens talent. An important trend to note and which is providing other avenues for entrepreneurial women is that more women than ever before are becoming employers and running their own businesses worldwide. In a nutshell, this article examined the components of women challenges in management positions in civil engineering in particular and unveiled the way to break out from such notions to the benefit of successful women. Equal opportunities and positive action cannot be confined to individual organizations or business initiatives. Only the active promotion of gender equality in all areas of education and employment by governments and civil society organizations and in particular, by employers organizations and trade unions can finally break the this norm in the constr uction field.

global anomie :: essays research papers

Global anomie, dysnomie, and economic crime: Hidden consequences of neoliberalism and globalization in Russia and around the world TRANSNATIONAL CRIME HAS RECENTLY ACQUIRED A PROMINENT PLACE IN PUBLIC debates. It is commonly presented as the most significant crime problem at the turn of the millennium (Myers, 1995-1996; Shelley, 1995). Many have even suggested that it represents a serious domestic and international security threat (Paine and Cillufo, 1994; Williams, 1994). The argument is also made that a wave of transnational crime undermines neoliberal policies and the functioning of an increasing number of market economies around the globe (Handelman, 1995; Shelley, 1994). As a consequence, the proposed remedies are often quite drastic and involve undercover operations, privacy-piercing approaches, and the participation of intelligence services in the fight against global crime (Andreas, 1997; Naylor, 1999; Passas and Blum, 1998; Passas and Groskin, 1995). Yet, little attention and virtually no systematic research has been devoted to understanding the causes, structure, extent, and effects of serious cross-border misconduct (Passas, 1998). The risks it poses may be grossly exaggerated (Naylor, 1995; Lee, 1999). The draconian measures being contemplated and implemented in different countries, therefore, are essentially an exercise in shooting in the dark. Chances are good that the target will be missed and substantial "collateral damage" may be caused by ill-conceived policies in this "war" on crime. This risk is particularly high in countries in transition toward a market democracy. It would be much wiser, thus, to carefully study the problem before taking ineffective and possibly damaging actions. This article seeks to make a contribution by concentrating on the causes of transnational economic crime. The main argument is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, neoliberalism and globalization contribute to processes leading to global anomie, dysnomie, and, ultimately, economic misconduct. They do so by activating the criminogenic potential of economic, political, legal, and cultural asymmetries, as well as by creating new such asymmetries (Passas, 1999). These asymmetries cause crime by furnishing opportunities for misconduct, by generating motives for actors to take advantage of such opportunities, and by weakening social controls. More specifically, means-ends disjunctions are systematically created, as neoliberal policies foster new needs and desires that are all too often left unfulfilled. Promises of more freedom, prosperity, and happiness for a larger number of people have turned out to be chimerical. Economic and power inequalities have widened within and across countrie s in the last two decades. The number of poor has reached unprecedented levels, while welfare programs and safety nets are reduced or abolished. global anomie :: essays research papers Global anomie, dysnomie, and economic crime: Hidden consequences of neoliberalism and globalization in Russia and around the world TRANSNATIONAL CRIME HAS RECENTLY ACQUIRED A PROMINENT PLACE IN PUBLIC debates. It is commonly presented as the most significant crime problem at the turn of the millennium (Myers, 1995-1996; Shelley, 1995). Many have even suggested that it represents a serious domestic and international security threat (Paine and Cillufo, 1994; Williams, 1994). The argument is also made that a wave of transnational crime undermines neoliberal policies and the functioning of an increasing number of market economies around the globe (Handelman, 1995; Shelley, 1994). As a consequence, the proposed remedies are often quite drastic and involve undercover operations, privacy-piercing approaches, and the participation of intelligence services in the fight against global crime (Andreas, 1997; Naylor, 1999; Passas and Blum, 1998; Passas and Groskin, 1995). Yet, little attention and virtually no systematic research has been devoted to understanding the causes, structure, extent, and effects of serious cross-border misconduct (Passas, 1998). The risks it poses may be grossly exaggerated (Naylor, 1995; Lee, 1999). The draconian measures being contemplated and implemented in different countries, therefore, are essentially an exercise in shooting in the dark. Chances are good that the target will be missed and substantial "collateral damage" may be caused by ill-conceived policies in this "war" on crime. This risk is particularly high in countries in transition toward a market democracy. It would be much wiser, thus, to carefully study the problem before taking ineffective and possibly damaging actions. This article seeks to make a contribution by concentrating on the causes of transnational economic crime. The main argument is that, contrary to conventional wisdom, neoliberalism and globalization contribute to processes leading to global anomie, dysnomie, and, ultimately, economic misconduct. They do so by activating the criminogenic potential of economic, political, legal, and cultural asymmetries, as well as by creating new such asymmetries (Passas, 1999). These asymmetries cause crime by furnishing opportunities for misconduct, by generating motives for actors to take advantage of such opportunities, and by weakening social controls. More specifically, means-ends disjunctions are systematically created, as neoliberal policies foster new needs and desires that are all too often left unfulfilled. Promises of more freedom, prosperity, and happiness for a larger number of people have turned out to be chimerical. Economic and power inequalities have widened within and across countrie s in the last two decades. The number of poor has reached unprecedented levels, while welfare programs and safety nets are reduced or abolished.

How Reality Telivision Promotes Teen Pregnancy Essay

Reality television often has the tendency to present an unrealistic view towards issues regarding real life situations. Teen pregnancy is one of the most misleading topics presented on reality television. Tabloids feed off of the shows’ popularity by plastering the pictures of the teens on magazines and online, making them seem more appealing. Teen pregnancy as presented on reality television shows is irresponsible, dangerous and misleading by promoting an unrealistic view of young parenthood, encouraging pregnancy and glamorizing the consequences that result from such issues. Parenthood is the leading cause of girls dropping out of school. More than 50% of teenage mothers do not graduate from high school. The United States has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the western world. Bearing a child at any age can be difficult but for teenagers it can have substantial negative effects not only for the teen but also for their families. Since teenagers are mainly dependent on their parents or guardians this burden is pushed back on them as well. Studies show that 3 in 10 American teen girls will get pregnant at least once before the age of 20. That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year and about 25% of teen moms will have a second child within two years of their first child. In some cases, children born from parents who are adolescent will have more behavioral problem and poorer education than those children born to more mature aged parents. Childbearing also costs U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars due to increased public assistance programs, foster and public health care. Despite these unfortunate facts, between 1991 and 2013,  the teen birth rate has decreased from 61.8 to 26.6 per 1,000 teens. Although the birth rate has dropped, the U.S. still has the highest birth rate compared to other developed countries. According to a report by the Guttmacher Institute, 82% of teen pregnancies are unintended. Teen Mom is a reality show aired by MTV that broadcasts the lives of teenagers who are dealing with parenthood. Besides their dealing with parenthood they also have to face the challenges of finishing school, moving out of their parents’ home, finding a job to support their child and possibly their higher education. While these are ultimately real life situations and challenges today’s society has a more lenient view towards pregnant women that are not married. Although majority of teens deal with the same issues once they are faced with having a child there are some pieces of reality television that is not much of a reality which can cause teens to be less concerned with how realistic theses shows are. Majority of the mothers on these shows have the full support of their parents whether it be finding them a home, watching the child while the teen is working or at school, and even monetarily. Not every parent will be supportive of their child having a baby nor will every parent be willing to assist their child in any way shape or form. Unfortunately it is not common for the fathers of the children to be uninterested in caring for the child or being financially responsible for their child. However, not every father is represented or acts like a â€Å"dead beat† father but the way they are represented on these shows does not realistically present the same outcome for each family. Aside from misrepresenting young parenthood the shows aired by MTV are often criticized of glamorizing teen pregnancy. The â€Å"stars† of the show are given extra publicity by having their names and faces on magazines and articles online with things regarding their lives outside of their pregnancy. A study found that the teens who watch shows such as â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and Pregnant† have a skewed idea of young parenthood. Teens who watch these shows heavily are led to believe that the young moms have supportive partners, substantial income and an enviable lifestyle which is a completely  untrue reality for other young parents who do not lave camera crews recording their every move. In a high school survey of 185, researcher were able to link teens who watched these reality shows with unrealistic views of what it is like to be a young parent. The teens seems to believe that being a young parent was easy which might increase the likelihood that they would be less cautious of having safe sex, not being so concerned with the consequences that can stem from unprotected sex. While talking about teen pregnancy majority of comment and conversations focus on the negative aspects, but there are certain aspects that people can consider when talking about such an important issue. Although teen parents are having a child it does not make them fully mature, this leaves room for the teens to grow and develop along with their child. Having a baby is a life changing thing and often it leads people to want more for not only themselves but also their child. This realization can lead to being more responsible not only with their lives and their baby’s life, but with what they have going on around them such as being employed to support their child and even gaining or continuing their education to make a better life for themselves. Balancing school with parenthood can be easier than balancing with a career. Since school often has flexible hours, or at least hours you can choose yourself, which allows you to give yourself more time. A full time college student has an average of 12-15 hours a week to take classes, with another 10-12 hours dedicated to studying there would be a max of 30 hours a week dedicated to school work. On the other hand a career takes up at least 40-60 hours a week without the luxury to have such flexible hours. In young parenthood there are some upsides that can be beneficial to the parents and the child but the cons outweigh the pros by far. Not only does the teen have to grow up faster and have greater responsibility than they usually would they are faced with a lack of socialization. Not being able to hang out with friends, going to prom and engaging in normal teenage  activities can cause young parents to feel more alone. After understanding pregnancy from either experience or an actual realistic experience teens will realize that pregnancy is a very serious thing and is even harder when you are young and cannot fully and independently care for yourself and your child. Unfortunately, reality shows like â€Å"Teen Mom† and â€Å"16 and Pregnant† only show partly what the teens have to deal with and even then it does not amount to the emotional aspects of dealing with such a life changing issue. Despite the seemingly positive results from teen pregnancy, there are more negative aspects in which reality shows try to glamorize which poses more levity to becoming a young parent. Should these shows be considered â€Å"realistic† when there are millions of teen parents who know what true parenthood is actually about?

A Analysis of Cecil Vyse Essay

During the last part of the novel A Room With A View by E. M. Forster, what Lucy Honeychurch thought was her love for Cecil, her fiance, gradually changes to vexation as Cecil slowly transforms into her â€Å"fiasco. † As Cecil intrudes upon Lucy’s fun whether in music or in her recreational activities, and annoys her family and friends, he eventually agitates her so much that she breaks off their engagement. Cecil, with his constant infringing upon Lucy’s pastime games and commands, inevitably appears to Lucy as both a spoilsport and a bother. For example, Lucy becomes â€Å"red† with anger when Cecil prohibits her from playing what she likes and instead commands her to play another piece at which she â€Å"close[s] the instrument† out of exasperation. In addition, when he refuses to join in the tennis match, Lucy, already â€Å"angry† that Cecil â€Å"fail[s] to realize that it may be an act of kindness for a bad player to make up a fourth,† concludes that he is actually â€Å"sneer[ing]† at her and the other players and thus â€Å"refuses to answer† him when he tries to get her attention. However, Lucy, in a good mood after the game and believing that she â€Å"love[s]† Cecil, disregards her irritation with him and invites him to â€Å"read away† only to be further annoyed with Cecil when he does not share her mood and refuses to read â€Å"while Mr. Emerson is [t]here to entertain [them]† and even goes as far as to call Cecil â€Å"frivolous. † Not only does Cecil’s intrusive and snobby manner stop Lucy from having fun, but it also creates problems for the other characters. For example, even though Cecil says that he â€Å"will not spoil the set†of four, he, in fact, actually does by refusing to play and thus troubles Lucy and the other characters to look for a fourth partner. As a consequence, the characters fall back on Lucy and she is forced to â€Å"change [her] frock† and to commit the sacrilege of â€Å"br[eaking] †¦ sabbath† to compromise for Cecil. In addition, Cecil distracts Lucy by â€Å"read[ing] †¦ aloud† a â€Å"bad novel† during the men’s four tennis match and causing her to â€Å"miss her stroke,† Lucy, so irritated that Cecil had spoiled her fun, actually calls him a â€Å"nuisance. † Later, Cecil imposes himself upon Freddy and Floyd by insisting that they â€Å"must listen† to him read aloud from his â€Å"bad novel† and annoys them so much that they would rather leave him to â€Å"hunt for a lost ball† than to rest and listen to his drivel. Later that Sunday night of the tennis game, all of Cecil’s egocentric and patronizingly patriarchal actions finally push Lucy to end their engagement. For example, Lucy finally sees how â€Å"abominably selfish† Cecil is after he refuses Freddy’s invitation to play once again, seeing that although he could â€Å"play well enough to make up a set of four,† he still decides to deny Freddy the game by declining once again. In addition, Lucy at last notices that Cecil is incapable of â€Å"know[ing] anyone intimately† as he â€Å"always protect[ed] [her]† under the assumption that Lucy didn’t know what was â€Å"ladylike and right† and never bothered to see that she can evidently â€Å"choose for [her]self. † Finally, Lucy, furious that Cecil tries to â€Å"stifle† and â€Å"wrap [her] up† in â€Å"art and books and music† like himself and limit her freedom, decides at last that she cannot â€Å"behave as [his] wife† and breaks off their engagement. Thus, as Cecil spoils the mood by never participating in anything Lucy’s family and friends engage in, by creating trouble for them, and by restricting Lucy’s thoughts and actions, he unavoidably sets himself up to Lucy as a poor sport. Lucy, in turn, interprets Cecil’s lackadaisical attitude as the symbol of his whole being and as a result becomes increasingly exasperated with Cecil over time and ultimately terminates their relationship.

A Changed Man Essays

A Changed Man Essays A Changed Man Essay A Changed Man Essay Essay Topic: Fahrenheit 451 A Changed Man Christian McDaniel Mrs. Rush English 10 17 October 2013 A Changed man A man trapped in a dystopian world where people are forced to obey certain laws he is told to follow. Some may struggle to get away from what they want to teach while most will follow the leader who tells them what they should be. These people are trapped in a society that forces them to act on the terms that they give. People are basically forced to be a mindless zombie that has not have a say so in what happens in the society. In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is a perfect xample of a dystopian world with people who follow it and the others who want to escape from it. A man named Montag is the main character or protagonist of the story. In this story it is the twenty-fourth century and books have been banned by the society from ever being read. In this era of time Montag is known as a firemen but not the one most people would think of. Instead of putting out fires the firemen are there to start them. The firemens main Job is to burn all books. Montag is at first one of the many people who are sucked into a world they dont understand but never ask questions to clear things up. Although Montag undertakes in a callous, apathetic, and weak- minded stage at first, he starts to see the truth behind his world and pushed to recognize the real problems in his world. Montag was a happy man at first. He had a home, a Job that required him to burn books and a wife, Mildred. Montag was about to be promoted after 10 years of firefighting by his captain, Beatty. Clarisse is the first initial spark to set off Montags mind. Do you ever read any of the books you laughed. Thats against the Of course (Bradbury 8). This is what Montag and Clarisse talk about that causes Montag to actually think for once. Clarisse seemed to have different feelings for Montag than the other firefighters she tried to talk to. He found her peculiar but she had a point to what she was saying. She may have looked 17 but to Montag her words made her seem much older. It was Clarisses last question that got Montag really frustrated. Are you happy? (Bradbury 14). This made Montag really think about whether or not he was really providential with not only himself but in his time and way of life. Montag was extremely confused and thought maybe the answers were somewhere he never looked before like a book. This was Montags next big step in many more dangerous ones. After one of his raids to burn some books he took one home and hid it under his pillow. The next day Beatty suddenly appeared to visit Montag at home. A book is a loaded gun in the house next door. Burn it. Take the shot from the weapon (Bradbury 58). This is how Beatty explains to Montag how books are really bad. Beatty feels that the world is better off without the books interrupting and ruining your day. He sees it as a burden to read them. Montag still had a melancholy tendency in him; still not satisfied with himself he keeps searching for answers. Montag then took an even bigger step then before. He showed his wife and explained hat he was unhappy. Mildred did not take this lightly. She was immediately startled and afraid of them and wanted them to be gone. Listen. Give me a second, will you? We cant do anything. We cant burn these. I want to look at them, at least look at them once (Bradbury 70). Without Mildred Montag started reading the books that he had taken. Later in the book Montag meets a man named Faber who he thinks may be the answer to his problems. We have everything we need to be happy, but we arent happy. Somethings missing (Bradbury 82) Faber gives Montag his address. Montag meets Faber at his house to discuss what he should really do. If there were no war, if there was peace in the world, Id say fine, have fun! But, Montag, you mustnt go back to being Just a fireman. All isnt well with the world (Bradbury 87) Faber doesnt tell Montag what he has to do but tells him he has to make the choice himself. He can choose to part of those who know they are alive or be the people who follow what they are told to do. Montag agreed to follow Faber and his ways. Faber gave Montag a seashell-like communication device and said that he would read to him every night. Following this event Montag went home where Mildred had some friends over. Montag went on to read them a book. After awhile and when he was finally done Mildreds friends were deeply disturbed by the book. Mildred was frustrated with Montag and the books and said she wanted them gone but Montag said that he needed them. The worst of Montags misfortune was yet to come. Montag was at work and the alarm to burn some books had gone off. Montag went through the same procedures he always went through. They got on the truck and they were off. Montag had no clue where they were going. When the truck had finally stopped Montag realized where they were. Why, said Montag slowly, weve stopped in front of my house (Bradbury 113). Montag for a long while thought to himself. He couldnt believe that he was in front of his house. He didnt even say a word while Beatty, who seemed to be somewhat satisfied, went on giving a speech on how he messed up. But Montag noticed that Mildred was leaving the house to get into the car. Mildred, you didnt put in the alarm! (Bradbury 116). Mildred left the scene and never returned. Beatty told Montag that he had to burn down his own house and that he would be arrested afterward. Montag proceeded to burn everything down. When he was finished Montag and Beatty got in a little altercation and Montag ended up hooting Beatty with the flamethrower and killing him. Montag knew he had to escape the area before the cops could get to him so he had to flee somewhere. When he was running Montag decided he better go to Fabers house for advice and he was the last person he could trust. Faber told him he had to make it to the forest. Montag was successful in making it to the forest and escaping the cops. Montag began feeling, touching, and overall understanding the area around him and realized something. He walked on the track. OAnd he was surprised to learn how certain he suddenly was of a single fact he could not prove. nce, long ago, Clarisse had walked here, where he was walking now (Bradbury 147). Montag had finally felt different feeling than what he had at the beginning of the book. Montag really has become a changed man. Montag made choices that werent in his best intentions but he was a new and better person. It may seem like he lost everything but he has gained something more important than any item in the world and that is his own logic. His opinion. His ordeal. The choices he made, he made on his own and no one else can take that from him. Montag now knows that he is alive and he is proud to know this.

Tarbosaurus - Facts and Figures

Tarbosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Tarbosaurus (Greek for terrifying lizard); pronounced TAR-bo-SORE-us Habitat: Floodplains of Asia Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (70-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and five tons Diet: Herbivorous dinosaurs Distinguishing Characteristics: Long head; exceptionally small arms About Tarbosaurus When its fossils were first discovered in Mongolias Gobi Desert, in 1946, paleontologists debated whether Tarbosaurus was a new species of Tyrannosaurus, rather than deserving its own genus. Clearly, these two carnivores had a lot in commonthey were both huge meat-eaters with numerous sharp teeth and tiny, almost vestigial armsbut they also inhabited opposite sides of the globe, Tyrannosaurus Rex in North America and Tarbosaurus in Asia. Lately, the bulk of the evidence points to Tarbosaurus as belonging to its own genus. This tyrannosaur had a unique jaw structure and even smaller forelimbs than T. Rex; more important, no Tarbosaurus fossils have been found outside Asia. Its even possible that Tarbosaurus had evolutionary precedence, and spawned Tyrannosaurus Rex when some hardy individuals crossed the Siberian land bridge into North America. (By the way, the closest Asian relative of Tarbosaurus was an even more obscure tyrannosaur, Alioramus.) Recently, an analysis of a Parasaurolophus fossil revealed numerous Tarbosaurus bite marks, in patterns indicating that this tyrannosaur methodically scavenged its victims already-dead corpse rather than chasing it down and killing it. This doesnt conclusively settle the debate about whether tyrannosaurs were hunters or scavengers (they probably pursued both strategies, as necessary), but its still a piece of valuable evidence.

Fixes for Ambiguous Headlines

Fixes for Ambiguous Headlines Fixes for Ambiguous Headlines Fixes for Ambiguous Headlines By Mark Nichol Headlines that can be read more than one way, or that contain a confusing or erroneous element, have been a source of amusement for journalists and newshounds and of consternation for the perpetrators since the dawn of written mass communication, but anyone who writes or edits should be aware of the dangers of careless headline writing. Here are several headlines that prompt a double take. 1. â€Å"Gadhafi Forces Retreat† This could be interpreted as meaning â€Å"Gadhafi compelled rebels to retreat† or â€Å"Gadhafi’s military units were compelled to retreat† two readings about as diametrically opposed as possible. Space is often a consideration in print publications, requiring verbal shortcuts and curt words, but â€Å"Gadhafi’s Forces Retreat† or â€Å"Gadhafi Forces Foes to Retreat,† depending on the intended message, adds no more than a few characters. 2. â€Å"Second Toddler Found in Pool Also Dies at Hospital† This headline reads as if the toddler died twice once in the pool, and then again at the hospital. The explanation that two toddlers had been retrieved from a pool, and that one had already died at the hospital, should be introduced in the article, not in the headline. The solution is to not attempt to make a reference to the first toddler at all: â€Å"Second Toddler Found in Pool Dies at Hospital.† 3. â€Å"Retiring Police Officer’s Novel Tactics† This headline can be read three ways, listed in increasing order of likelihood: 1) â€Å"A shy police officer’s unusual tactics,† 2) â€Å"A police department is ceasing to use a police officer’s unusual tactics,† and 3) â€Å"Unusual tactics of a police officer about to retire.† (The headline could also be referring to a full-length work of fiction perhaps the officer, now retired from law enforcement, is applying his or her knowledge of police tactics to the plot of a novel but that misreading is unlikely.) The headline’s intended meaning is the third one, and though no one is likely to assume otherwise, the ambiguity is nevertheless distracting. â€Å"Novel Tactics of a Retiring Police Officer† has only three more characters and spaces than the original headline, and although retiring could still be misconstrued as referring to a personality trait rather than cessation of a career, that’s a stretch; the inverted word order makes the context clearer, diminishing the probability of initial confusion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire YouFive Spelling Rules for "Silent Final E"Drama vs. Melodrama

1963 March on Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

1963 March on Washington - Essay Example It is estimated that approximately 250000 people participated in this demonstration, which was organized and executed by a group of civil rights organizations represented by individuals, who had a common objective of liberating the African Americans from racial and economic discrimination (Haskins 22). These organizations included and not limited to; the congress of racial equality, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People as well as the National Urban League, which were represented by individuals who included James Farmer, Martin Luther King Junior, John Lewis, Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins and Whitney Young respectively (Haskins 43). It is important to note that despite the US declaration of independence in 1776, it had become apparent that the white Americans were not willing to co-exist with citizens of other races, such as the African Americans, Hispanics, Asians among others, who were forced to live under inhumane conditions especially due to the fact that they could not be allowed to compete fairly in the job market (Euchner 31). It is due to this that these groups went ahead to form civil rights organizations so as to try and pressure the government to accommodate them in the system without discrimination. However, up to 1963, not much progress had been made in this respect and indeed the government had continued to apply force and detention to counter any actions such as mass protests. Several sources indicate that the police and other security organs used means such as clubbing, releasing dogs to attack demonstrators as well as other overt and covert actions such as conniving with white citizens to attac k the demonstrators at strategic points under the watch of the security officers. It is under these circumstances that people such as Martin Luther King junior found themselves in prison, for example at the time he authored the famous letter from Birmingham jail (Haskins 16). It may be necessary to note that the 1963 march to Washington was not only an African American affair as it is reported that approximately 25% of those in attendance were white Americans, who were there to support their fellow country men and women in their fight for justice (Euchner 18). The demonstration was not without opposition as people such as the then president Kennedy opposed it at first though he later changed his mind after realizing that nothing could have stopped it. Human rights activists for example Malcolm X also did not agree with the idea and indeed, he is quoted as referring to the proposed demonstration as, â€Å"Farce on Washington,† though he is noted as being one of the people who attended (Euchner 28). The opposition felt that the issues that were to be the subject of the march were not accurate while others such as the Ku Klux Klan were known to be against the idea of a society which accorded the blacks equal rights as those of the whites. In fact, they were always violent towards the blacks as well as their sympathizers especially in cities such as Birmingham and Jacksonville among others. The major goals of the march to Washington included and not limited to having the congress pass a comprehensive bill aimed at abolishing segregation in public facilities so as to allow all citizens have unrestricted access regardless of their race. The participants also wanted their right to vote guaranteed and protected as well as be allowed to compete fairly in the job market through facilitation of training opportunities and fair recruitment procedures (Haskins 60). According to plans, the march was to start at the Washington monument all way through to the Lincoln

Methods of Instructions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods of Instructions - Research Paper Example Methods of Instructions However, the methods of instruction include lecture, demonstration, case study, discussion groups and practical exercise. Lecture Lecture is the method of instruction where the instructor has the power to present facts orally to the respondents. This method is widely used in most institutions all over the world. Lecture can either be formal or informal. Formal lecture is normally applied where information is to be delivered to a very large. This makes the information to be delivered to in one way communication i.e. from the instructor to the students. This affects the students from participating since the group is extremely large and the instructor cannot give any student a chance to participate. On the other hand, formal lecture give the students full participation because the group is small making the instructor reach most of the students. This makes learning effective because students participate actively in a free environment. This makes the communication a two way process since the students respond to the question asked by the instructor. This makes the informal lecture more effective than the formal lecture. Instructor must always be well prepared before lecture. A lesson plan should be used as guidance during the presentation to avoid going out of the topic of study. It is good to choose the right environment for teaching where the students seat comfortably and have no external distractions. Instructor must be well conversant with the communication skills. Voice must be audible enough to avoid a situation where some students cannot get the instructor clearly. The instructor must maintain eye contact with the students to show confidence in what is being presented. Teaching can be made effective by using some of the visual aids during the presentation. Some things might be difficult to explain using words only. This forces the instructor to use some visual aids like graphs, pictures, slides and charts to reinforce the presentation. Questions are asked to p romote thinking in students. This helps the lecturer in knowing if the students understood what was taught. All the questions must be answered correctly. Lecture should end in time. The advantage of lecture is that it can be used in other methods of instruction. But lecture limits student’s participation (Jumpeter 2009). Demonstration In this method of instruction, the students observe the operation or the technique. This method shows how something is done or how a particular objects operates. Students see for themselves what is happening and they can even participate in the action. They learn by doing demonstrations themselves. For example, they learn to drive a car by driving, to swim by swimming, and to model by modeling. This method is practical, therefore, it is effective. Students are taught how something is done and they later do it by themselves. This method of instruction has advantages. It permits reinforcement because the knowledge gained in class can be made meani ngful by demonstrating it making it well understood. Demonstration appeals to both sights of sight and hearing. Students see what is being demonstrated and at the same time hear the explanation. Disadvantage of this method of instruction is that it is restricted to small groups. The groups should be small so that all students see what is happening. Each one should view without any obstruction from the others. This method is

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Essay - 3

Acquiring Business Communication Skills Necessary for Business Graduates - Essay Example Since the beginning of time, human beings have interacted by using various methods of communication such as verbal and nonverbal cues, in an effort to understand each other and cooperate through different tasks. Communication can be described as the process of imparting, participating and conveying information from one individual to another using an appropriate channel. Communication involves four elements, which include the sender, the message, the channel and the recipient. In the business world, managers and employees need to communicate effectively in order to work towards achieving the organisation’s goals and objectives (Cheesebro, Linda and Francisco 4). General communication skills refer to the basic communication competences that people use in the society or family settings. General communication skills are necessary for effective interaction with others in an informal context. They help individuals to understand people and situations, resolve conflicts, show affection, build trust and establish serene environments that promote healthy interaction. General communication skills include nonverbal communication skills and verbal communication skills (Worth 6). Verbal communication skills consist of speaking and listening skills. In various contexts, normal communication process mainly involves conversations where words are used to exchange of ideas, views and information. For the individuals involved to understand each other during a conversation, intelligible speech has to be made and the recipients need to listen in order to comprehend the message. Speaking skills involve articulating one’s words to be brief, clear and concise (Robinson, Jeanne and Robert). This helps the recipients to understand each word and process it to form meaning. One also needs to use the right tone and volume when speaking in order to show

Developmental Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developmental Evaluation - Essay Example Researches have been conducted and theories have been articulated to assess and evaluate the cognitive, motivational and mental development of individuals. The same has been estimated by conducting a research on the individual under study. Based on the method of participant observation, the present study focuses on Mr. Andrew, an individual under study, hereinafter will be called as subject. The subject is an old man of ninety seven years having short height and thin body with weight only fifty two kg. He maintains grey hair as well as wrinkled countenance and hands; even then he enjoys sound health, and undergoes no impediment or physical difficulty while moving from one place to another. Further, there is no disability in his vocal, visual or aural fitness even at such an old age. He can easily understand the words delivered by others while interacting with him. In the same way, he can easily communicate his message to others without any complexity or intricacy. Thus, he is an individual full of energy and passion. The observation starts right from the subjects meeting with the members of his family and friends who have called on his residence at some special occasion. It took three and half hours during the whole course of observation. The subject has been living with one of his sons and grand-children, but is not in very good terms with them with whom he has been staying. It is therefore he looks at ease while communicating with his other children and grandchildren, who have not been living with him and have arrived just to see him and wish him on fathers day. His behavior while interacting with the guests presents him as a jovial, genial and amiable fellow, though his being reserved with the members living in his residence depict his dual personality. It is a pleasant evening of March, when the subject welcomes his children and grand-children at his house. He is seen sitting on a sofa

World Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Hunger - Essay Example Poor people do not have ample resources such as land, tools and money that are needed for growth and consistently purchase food for regular nourishment ("Hunger Facts"). Another reason cited for world hunger is the persistence of drought particularly in the African region. According to the UN Chronicle, drought is the single most common cause of severe food shortages in African developing nations that experience the driest seasons. This condition is compounded by the prevalence of poverty and political turmoil in these countries. As mentioned, political strife or armed conflicts are also regarded to cause world hunger. Wars disrupt agricultural production, which is the primary source of food ("Hunger Facts"). It should be noted that based on studies conducted by Food First, there is sufficient agricultural capacity on earth to feed the all people ("Wikipedia"). However, problems relative to hunger arise because of the disruption in distribution networks. For instance, should there be wars the distribution of food aid and imports is restricted, thus, hunger results.

Introdction to sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introdction to sociology - Essay Example Both group of people experience life is continually changing and both find it difficult to control, but they differ on the perspectives. Strategies should be formulated as it gives some sort of control and forward planning in life but such households are few. Such people attempt to ‘make out’ while others are just ‘getting by’. Every individual and household has to encounter contingencies and both planner and non-planners have to cope with it. The ones who plan find it easier to cope with changed situations while the non-planners have to struggle. Most people just try to ‘get by’ which is not advisable. Most of the people have to experience both the situations in their lives but ultimately some sort of forward planning does make life easier. In the educational field it operates via the process of individualization or choice and through the characteristics of the cultural and social capital. A research on the different market forces in education revealed that the teachers, parents and managers have different priorities, values and skills (Gerwitz, Ball & Bowe). These govern the local markets. The authors contend that the goods should be distributed according to merit or those families deserve it that are motivated to take advantage of the policy of open enrolment. The other definition is need-based which implies that resources should go to those in need of it and those who have fewer resources in the home and community to meet educational needs. The main findings of the study suggest that the schools are keen to meet the perceived demands of the parents and the market is middle-class oriented. Parental choice of school is based on race and class. They also have the capacity to exploit the market to their children’s advantage. Since schools are funded on the basis of the number of students. Locality holds no importance. The skilled and

World Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

World Hunger - Essay Example Poor people do not have ample resources such as land, tools and money that are needed for growth and consistently purchase food for regular nourishment ("Hunger Facts"). Another reason cited for world hunger is the persistence of drought particularly in the African region. According to the UN Chronicle, drought is the single most common cause of severe food shortages in African developing nations that experience the driest seasons. This condition is compounded by the prevalence of poverty and political turmoil in these countries. As mentioned, political strife or armed conflicts are also regarded to cause world hunger. Wars disrupt agricultural production, which is the primary source of food ("Hunger Facts"). It should be noted that based on studies conducted by Food First, there is sufficient agricultural capacity on earth to feed the all people ("Wikipedia"). However, problems relative to hunger arise because of the disruption in distribution networks. For instance, should there be wars the distribution of food aid and imports is restricted, thus, hunger results.

Transportation And Retail Shops Essay Example for Free

Transportation And Retail Shops Essay Though retail and transportation industries in Detroit are still posting significant growth, Goss-Foster (2006) points that the disparities that exist between the status of the mentioned industries between suburbs and inner city districts. Though neither transportation nor retail industries has been related directly to the incidence of violent crimes, it has deterred the stability and security of establishments (Goodman, 2004). Armstrong (2005) notes that retailing per capita in the city is higher than national averages but also admits that development has been limited to new real estate development areas, suburbs such as Bloomfield Hills and Gross Pointe and by industrial scale retailing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The scenario follows the skew of income in the city which has further highlighted social disparities. At the same time, it has limited the growth potential of markets and development, leaving inner city areas still wanting of the economic development needed to bring it at par with the more affluent areas of Detroit (Goss-Foster, 2006). Another perspective to consider is that the situation is driving companies’ security and insurance costs to prohibitive levels, scenarios that also deter long-term prognosis of companies. For example, transportation industries, both private and public, require significant investments in property plant and equipment and considering that crime against property in Detroit is well above U.S. averages, the cost of maintaining or protecting them is a particular concern (Detroit Crime Report, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like any business concern, crime is a major issue that companies have to deal with. In the case of transportation and retail which are both dependent on volume or at the very lease regular customer traffic, security both of the clients and the businesses themselves is a critical concern. Therefore there is a need to control not only crimes that directly affect these industries but also any other criminal activities that may impact access or the condition of products and services.    References Armstrong, Melissa (2005). Regional Detroit Economic Pulse. Detroit: Detroit Regional Chamber Detroit Crime Report (2007). Crime Statistics. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.cityrating.com/citycrime.asp?city=Detroitstate=MI Goodman, Allen C. (2004). Detroit housing rebound needs safe streets, good schools. The Detroit News, March 10. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from http://www.econ.wayne.edu/agoodman/RESEARCH/PUBS/a09-87052.htm Goss-Foster, Anika (2006). Commercial Corridor Redevelopment as a Social Equity Strategy.   Detroit: National Planning Commission and Government Conference and Detroit LISC

Sports Among Women Spectators In India Media Essay

Sports Among Women Spectators In India Media Essay Watching sport represents a predominant form of leisure behavior in todays society. Large numbers of people attend sporting events and think of themselves as sport fans. Traditionally, participation in sports as a spectator has been a male dominated activity. Women differ from men on various parameters such as physicality, psychographics, behavioral parameters, consumer behavior and consumption experiences. The differences between men and women on these parameters make it difficult for marketers to target them together as a unified segment. But, irrespective of the differences between men and women on various parameters, sports goods manufacturers and sports events marketers have pursued traditional male-oriented marketing policies. But in recent times due to a radical change in social and financial status of women, there has been an increased participation in and consumption of sports by women. This has caused marketers to add a female- oriented focus to their strategies. The recent introduction of female commentators in cricket to strategies to attract women in the latest IPL edition with attractive offers shows a definite change in the marketing strategies of media and marketing professionals. Also more and more women are turning to sports for recreational purpose. With the sports industry turning more to women consumers, it has become necessary for marketers to research womens consumption behavior and consumption experiences to come up with gender specific strategies. Hence, this study would be to understand how the Indian woman consumes sports and the level of involvement or motivation achieved set in the context of the Indian society. Literature Review Sports as a genre is present in everybodys life, be it in terms of participation or watching. Sports has the power to inspire, build communities, to make people cry, laugh. In the hands of an ingenious marketer sports has an almost enigmatic pull towards the target consumer. Traditionally, sports participation and consumption was viewed to be masculine or a part of male dominion. However, with increasing number of women who have found economic and social independence the domain of sports is no longer completely a male bastion. Increasingly women are breaking the stereotypes of passivity and are actively consuming and participating in sports. Major strides have been made over the past few years in providing participation opportunities for girls and women in sports. Media visibility has increased for a number of women players both internationally and nationally like Venus Williams, Anna Kounikova or Sania Mirza. The consumption of sports and leisure by men and women is dependent on a lot of factors such as prevalent societal norms, beliefs and attitudes. In the context of sports and leisure, what is associated with men and masculinity is valued over what is associated with women and femininity. Hence, it is important to explore the underlying societal norms to understand the consumption patterns. A post modernistic approach In a postmodern society, the prevalent ideology is that what is considered masculine or feminine will break down as the boundaries between masculinity and femininity continue to blur and the different forms of gender multiply. Activities that conventionally convey clear meanings, such as combat conveying masculinity and gracefulness conveying femininity, will no longer be obvious. A postmodern vision of these categories blurring into one should be liberating because it lessens the likelihood of gender being used as a way to categorize. In the context of sports and leisure, this suggests that gender is less likely to influence participation or consumption of sports previously marked as masculine or feminine. Analysing literature would help us to understand historical trends of sports and leisure participation by gender in various scenarios. Home Vs Workplace Women have been historically been associated with activities conducted at home such as gardening, sewing and cooking, due to recent advancements in technology the efforts required for the chores have reduced immensely but the modern society still views it as a womans job. Unskilled tasks such as cleaning, eating, cooking, sleeping, leisure and child rearing were performed at home, Men were connected with activities in the workplace and less connected with the ones at home. Home for men essentially was a place to recoup from a hard days work. A similar separation exists in sports and leisure today. ( McGinnis, Chun, and McQuillan, 2003) According to Hendersons review (1990), leisure for women tends to consist of activities which is near or at home because it can be infused with household chores and because few opportunities for leisure exist outside the home. According to another research by Kane, It was argued that women tend to define themselves in terms of human relationships, hence, they consume within the context of home and family. The complexity increases for a career woman as then the leisure is dependent on family environments, especially children. Women use home as a primary place and means for leisure. And in case a leisure opportunity comes along which is out of home, then it is sort of offered in such a way as to not hamper household responsibilities. In this case, leisure itself can be seen as constraining, as it reinforces gender appropriateness (Shaw 1994). While it appears that leisure opportunities certainly exist for women outside the home, the literature suggests that leisure for women is still largely perceived as a secondary concern. Opportunities for leisure exist, but only when other duties and other concerns have been addressed first. Expectations of a women and her role in society appear to transcend the opportunities outside the home. Men face the same constraint, but can define what is expected of them more so than women. Spectatorship and Leisure time It is a common point of contention that men and women both enjoy watching sports on television, but their preferences differ, as men tend to prefer more competitive and aggressive sports as compared to women. We find evidences of media reinforcement of the gendered consumption patterns, for example NBC positioned the Olympics with storylines resembling soap operas. Men have generally dominated the consumption of organised sports. But the Spectator Gender Gap is reducing with more women watching conventionally male sports such as Golf, football. However, research suggests that attempts by women to increase their sports consumption in a way threatens the male dominion as sports is viewed as a masculine domain where men are allowed to bond with one another. Women entering this domain are seen as upsetting this setting (McGinnis, Chun, and McQuillan, 2003). Leisure is another area where the gender gap exists, women in general experience a lesser amount of free time as compared to men as their part of their free time is generally spent doing housework or taking care of children. Men can experience larger blocks of free time without worrying about other commitments. Role of the Indian Media Women are traditionally not encouraged to indulge in sports. Sports are men oriented, where men play and women watch. It is clearly visible in the Indian media too, be it films or advertisements. For instance, in an advertisement of Clinic Plus shampoo, a coach of a boys cricket team in school discourages a girl to play with the team by fearing, when he says, Baal kharab ho jayege (your hair will get damaged if you will play cricket in sun). Another advertisement of Tata sky featuring Gul Panag and Aamir Khan, she has been portrayed as a woman for whom sports is a nuisance. During the cricket matches and sports world cups, time and again, many news channels have shown how women have to sacrifice watching their saas-bahu dramas and newspapers also write about falling TRPs of TV serial and how these matches are a jeremiad for women. Because in the family, their husbands, brothers and father are glued tothe sports channel and the power of attorney for the remote control is transferred t o men for those few days when the matches are held. In addition, Some of the commonly held beliefs associated with female fans and women sports are explored below- Women are not interested in sports fact or fiction In terms of viewership, over 2.2 crore women watched the 2003 World Cup in India alone. Female viewership comprised an astounding 46% of the total World Cup viewing population and TRPS for female viewership for India matches climbed to a phenomenal 9.8, significantly higher than the 3.9 registered during the Nat West Trophy final played at Lords in June 2002(ESPNSTAR, Interesting history of womens cricket in India).The Twenty20 World Cup had a strong, growing female audience for the sport and its not restricted to cricket alone. There is an overall 54 per cent increase in ratings for the three tennis grand slams-especially with regard to womens viewership where the growth has been significant. To reach out to this diverse market, most channels are developing a strong programming line-up that is a healthy mix of acquired and original content. (The financial express, Cashing in on sports). For the first time, a non-cricketing glamorous female host Mandira Bedi was brought in as a studio anchor. The experience was something which shocked cricket purists. But with a mix of elements for the purist as well as the novice and the fence sitters, Extraaa Innings combined academic cricket with mainstream entertainment like never before. This resulted in a whopping 50% increase in average rating of Indian matches and 37% increase in the rating of non-India matches, reached out to a record 78% of the Indian audiences in CS homes. More interestingly the female gross reach grew by an unprecedented 261%. Mandira Bedi became a celebrity and was soon a part of life even for women in conservative Indian households. Purists like Wisden, which condemned the experiment with women anchors during the ICC Champions Trophy in Colombo in September 2002, were forced to retreat. Women joined betting circles and housewives in Delhi and Ahmedabad formed clubs to enjoy the sport (ESPNSTAR, Interesting history of womens cricket in India). In terms of playing the sport, there has been significant increase in the number of professional sportswomen in variety of sports including Badminton, tennis, hockey, golf and athletics. The increase in the number of tournaments is a testament to that fact, recently an international basketball tournament the FIBA Asia Womens Championship was hosted by Chennai, Featuring the best players and top teams from across the continent, the tournament was a success. (Deccan Chronicle, India Wakes up to alternative sports) Female sports fans are different from male sports fans -fact or fiction? According to a research by Sargent, Zillmann, and Weaver, men and women enjoy distinctly different types of sports. Their findings revealed that males preferred watching combative sports on television whereas females were partial to stylistic sports. Sport socialization research examines the impact that environmental forces have on children and individuals from two different perspectives: socialization into sport and socialization through sport. This line of inquiry indicates that people are attracted to sport due to formal channels (i.e., parents, peers, coaches, mass media, teachers) and informal channels (i.e., school, church, and community-based programs), as researched by Kenyon McPherson . Media plays a primary role for introducing new teams and sport leagues to adults. According to a study by Bruce, Institutional, social, and familial contexts also shape viewers interpretations of sports broadcasts. He also found that women did not display strong loyalties to specific womens sports teams that are common with men and their favorite mens teams. This was attributed to the extensive sports information and media attention given to mens sports. In a study on cognitive development and socialization by James, in the initial development of team loyalty, it was found that children form preferences for sports teams early in life. Results of this study revealed and that the gender stereotype associating sports with males was prevalent among children and that fathers were the most influential socializing agent in introducing children to sports teams. In a study on experiences and effects of viewing televised sports, Gantz and Wenner found differences based on gender for 9 of the 15 motivation items examined; however, these differences were not dramatic. Most notable among their findings, women were more likely to watch televised sports for companionship and sharing the experience with family and friends whereas men watched to unwind and become wrapped up in the excitement and drama of the game. Men invested more time in reading, listening, watching, and talking about sports and they were more likely to experience emotional fluctuations from watching sports. Men also tend to display a fan behavior and identify more strongly as a fan according to Dietz-Uhler. However, an equal number of male and female college students considered themselves to be sport fans. Females reported being fans because they attended and watched sporting events with family and friends while males were more likely to consider themselves fans because they played sports and wanted to acquire sports information. Measuring Spectator Motives Various methods to research on sport spectators have been developed which utilizes a number of scales to assess the psychological motives related to attendance, media usage and interest at live sporting events. 1) One of the first methods was developed by Wann. He designed a comprehensive scale to measure eight factors observed to influence behavior; eustress, self-esteem, escape, entertainment, economic (gambling), aesthetic, group affiliation, and family. 2) Second method developed by Trail and James was the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) to examine ten aspects of spectator behavior: achievement, acquisition of knowledge, aesthetics, drama, escape, family, physical attraction, physical skills of players, and social interaction. 3) Thirdly, McDonald, Milne and Hong (2002) utilized a scale to measure spectator and sport participant motives related to: risk-taking, stress reduction, aggression, affiliation, social facilitation, self-esteem, competition, achievement, skill mastery, aesthetics, value development, and self-actualization. Research Methodology Conceptual Framework or Problem Definition Till now through an extensive analysis of literature we have seen that men and women both consume sports in their own way and one cannot generalize the consumption pattern of women. The motivations and the level of involvement for women depend on a lot of factors. Research Gap : There is no study done in the Indian context to understand the women sports consumers, their stages of involvement and motivations to participate. Hence, this study is a step towards achieving an understanding of the same. Research Objective: The objective of the research is to understand the Woman sports consumer in terms of her involvement level and motivation to consume a particular sport. The study of motivation for predicting consumer behavior is very difficult as to understand the interrelation between motives and specific behavior. Also, to develop a list of consumer motives comprehensive enough to capture the wide variety of motivating forces that stimulate and shape behavior is challenging. To do the above, a framework could be constructed in the form of a social continuum which broadens the sport consumer motivation notion by using involvement as a motivational construct to distinguish between various levels. Factors like womans role in the society would also be a part of this construct. Hence, a study of the immediate environment becomes imperative for studying the consumption pattern. The level of involvement of women consumer of sports should form the basis of the framework of social continuum where the stages vary from viewership to acceptance to fan base to taking part or actively playing to encouraging others to play or advocacy. As shown below, Identification of critical factors which defines each of the stages could be looked at and the motives of each stage should also be looked at. According to each stage a corresponding set of behavior would be associated. Understanding different spectator motivations and involvement levels can be of significant benefit to the sport marketer looking to boost team revenues and gate receipts. Of particular interest are both the marketing manager understanding the specific motivations that drive a spectator or fan to consume a sport and the subsequent development of marketing communications based on these motivations. These effective marketing communication plans can often help build groups of diehard fans, thus expanding the customer base for a team. Spectator and fan motivation can also be used as an effective psychographic segmentation method that can result in more effective marketing campaigns. Sub Research Objective: Involvement Involvement could be defined as a state of interest, stimulation or motivation towards an object, a product or even an activity. As put by a study done by Mitchell, Involvement represents an internal state variable that reflects the amount of arousal, interest, or drive evoked by a particular stimuli or situation that mediates consumer behavior. Application of the involvement construct to examine sport spectators and sport fans would provide a fuller understanding of motives and what stimuli and situations direct behavior (e.g., attendance, purchase of team merchandise, media consumption) and attitudinal formation (e.g., preferences, commitment, loyalty). Some parameters of study for involvement would be Importance of product as perceived by the consumer Pleasure or enjoyment provided by the product Risk of making the wrong purchase or participating in the non enjoyable activity Self expression it represents the identification of the person with the purchase or participation Centrality to lifestyle, encompasses socializing and interactions Motivation Theories and studies have been done by researchers on how to assess the motives for consuming sports. These motives can be generally classified into the broad categories of study as Entertainment Stress and stimulation seeking Social Interaction Achievement seeking Approach to Analysis According to the sample defined above, the research would be conducted two phases: Phase 1: This would be in the form of exploratory research which would be used to develop a conceptual model for examining involvement stages and their corresponding motives. The purpose of this is to identify any potential parameters related to spectator motives or involvement framework which were missed. In-depth interview of 5 respondents approximately would be taken in each market segment. Phase 2: This is the validation phase where the qualitative study would be validated by quantitative so that the result of the first phase could be extrapolated to a larger population if required. Sampling Universe: The sampling universe could be defined as young women who are primarily college goers or into the first 2-3 years of job, who follow at least one sport, belonging to SEC A or SEC B. Details of Phase I Sample Size: 15-20 (Qualitative study) The sample size setting is done with a non-statistical approach where the selection is done anticipating subgroup analysis. The anticipation is that 4 meaningful clusters (market segments) would emerge and each cluster will contain approximately 5 respondents in average. SEC A SEC B College Goers Urban Semi Urban Working Women Semi Urban Urban This is for the qualitative part of the research. Sampling Procedure: Convenience Sampling (Non- probability sampling) Care would be taken to ensure that heterogeneity of the entire population can be effectively covered in the sample. Details of Phase II The phase II methodology would depend on the data collected in the first phase. Scope The study would help marketers understand the woman spectator motivations and stages of involvement in consuming sports in India, in turn, help in predicting behavior This would help marketers tap into the growing woman spectator base. Expected Contribution There has been no study on understanding women spectators in the Indian context done till date. This research would help both the academia and industry to understand an upcoming segment. Understanding different spectator motivations and involvement levels is important for a sport marketer to tap the women consumer segment which is increasingly becoming independent economically and socially. Understanding the involvement and motivations that drive a woman spectator to consume a sport in India would help marketers target this segment with crisp and relevant marketing communications. The involvement stages and motivations can also be used as an effective psychographic segmentation method for forming effective campaigns.

Pull and Push Factors for American Immigrants :: essays research papers

America in the early 1900?s was a giant melting pot of cultures. More than 1 million people per year relocated to ?The Promised Land?, for a chance to start over, escape poverty, war and many other push factors. But soon upon arriving, they realized that America was not the same land they expected. They faced many hardships and living conditions were bad. Often, immigrants left their native countries because of push factors such as war, famine, hard times & epidemics and the government (Docs.1 and 2). These immigrants listened and heard about stories of America. Propaganda led some people to believe that the streets were paved with gold and anyone who went to America can become rich. Millions of immigrants, mostly from European countries, packed their bags and traveled to this unknown place in search of jobs, a better education, and a new life. (Doc. 3) With increased immigration, open hostility towards these foreigners was shown more often. (Doc.4) Approximately 70% of the workforce was occupied by immigrants around this decade. This led to protests and a temporary immigrant quota. Nativism is an example of one of the many hardships immigrants had to overcome. Because America was a developing industrial nation around the early 1900s, people from everywhere flocked to cities. As these cities became urbanized, there wasn?t enough living area to accommodate the millions of people. Several families lived together in tiny tenements that were often dangerous and lacked sunlight and air (Doc 5). Living conditions were bad, diseases spread like wildfire and the crime rate was high. Language was a major barrier for these foreigners. Many were not given equal opportunities because they were immigrants and had accents. Learning was expensive for these immigrants who received verly little pay. They worked with dangerous conditions and for long hours (Doc. 6) Children worked as well, from selling newspapers to working in factories.

Love and Licorice :: essays research papers

In order for a relationship between a man and a woman to flourish and grow, both people should be reasonably mature and honest with one another. Their goals in life should be similar. Otherwise, it is difficult to maintain a substantial base in the partnership, and inevitably, it will wither and die. Hemingway ¡Ã‚ ¯s "Hills Like White Elephants" is a very short story covering less than forty minutes in the lives of the two main characters. It doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t take long, however, to discover that the relationship between them is not particularly deep or meaningful. Jig and her lover lead a nomadic life, spending nights here and there, as the labels on their luggage indicate. All they really do, she laments, is "look at things and try new drinks." They bicker childishly; when he warns her to "cut it out," she retorts, "you started it." In an attempt to make clever conversation, she observes aloud that the line of hills off in the distance "look[s] like white elephants." Instead of trying to make her feel "bright," Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s companion tells her flatly, he ¡Ã‚ ¯s "never seen one." Annoyed by his lack of imagination, she attacks with "no, you wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have." It seems that they must really "try" hard to "have a fine time." This is not a mature relationship. Nor is it honest. Rather than admit the fact that he doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want the responsibility of a baby, Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s lover tries to flatter her by saying, "I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t want anybody but you." He also avoids taking any blame for their faltering relationship. After all, being pregnant is "the only thing" that has made them unhappy. He makes light of the abortion by telling her, "It ¡Ã‚ ¯s not really an operation" and that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "perfectly simple," even "natural." Of course, she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t" have to if she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want to," but he knows that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "the best thing to do." Best for whom, I wonder. Jig really thinks she ¡Ã‚ ¯s ready to settle down and have a child, or she wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t be struggling so hard with the question of abortion. She too has trouble approaching the problem honestly. When she announces "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll do it because I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t care about me," she ¡Ã‚ ¯s hoping that he ¡Ã‚ ¯ll feel guilty and change his mind. When he continues to resist, she tries to cut the conversation off: "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll scream," she threatens. Jig is beginning to realize that life may not turn out the way she had planned.

Final Reflective Essay

Final Reflective Essay The word literature has a great meaning in everyday life and comes in so many different ways. The body of written works of a language, period, or culture with the imaginative or creative writing especially of recognized artistic value (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2011) is the dictionary meaning. Lyrics, poems, short stories are all kinds of literature and many authors will write something they are passionate about or have an interest in. Many instances there are times a writer will write about a particular subject or within a certain genre and they write in a manner that sometimes had a hidden meaning. To know the hidden meaning the author will use symbolism, and as a writer and reader it helps to understand the elements that go into writing a poem, short story, and lyric. The writer goes through a process of creating a theme which helps to set the tone and will help them to develop the plot. Many times an author when writing a poem or lyric will not always have a character, but will have some sort of setting that resulted from the theme. All of the elements of literature need to have been put into place, and in many times the writer will also put a hidden meaning into the story, poem, or lyrics which the reader needs to read between the lines. Symbolism can be revealed in the theme, the tone or the plot of the story, poem and lyric. To find the underlying meaning or the symbolism the author is trying to portray the reader needs to be familiar with the elements of literature. The story â€Å"Used to Live Here Once† by Jean Rhys, the poem â€Å"The Road not Taken†, by Robert Frost, and the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, by Theodore Roethke, follow the elements of literature, and have the symbolism that if the reader was not familiar with could miss the meaning of the story or poem. In the arts, the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, make the work more subjective than objective (The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide, 2010). To find the underlying meaning or symbol of the story or the poem, it is beneficial for the reader to understand how the elements form the basis of the story or poem. The author starts the process of writing by creating a theme. A theme is defined as a subject or topic or of artistic representation (Merriam-Webster, 2011). In the story â€Å"Used to Live Here Once†, the author Jean Rhys created the theme by making it about a woman who returns to where she used to once live. The theme is described in the story with using words such as â€Å"remembered† and â€Å"same-road†. Using such words helps the reader to associate with the theme and understand what the writer is trying to convey in the theme. Poems are written in the same manner that they should have a theme for the reader to understand what the writer is trying to talk about. In Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the theme is about making choices in life and sometimes making the decision that is not usually taken. The theme is not as obvious as it was in the story of â€Å"Used to Live Here Once†. Robert Frost uses words that help the reader to relate to the theme like: â€Å"road†, â€Å"traveler†, and â€Å"one less traveled†. These words have an underlying meaning and even though they are used to help with the theme they also hold symbolism and repent choices in life. With the words that were used in the poem, it helps the reader to relate better to the theme and knowing that a word can be a symbol and have an underlying meaning helps the reader to better understand what message the writer is trying to convey. The theme of the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, by Theodore Roethke, theme was based around a child being abuse and used different words that included: â€Å"hung on†, â€Å"battered†, and â€Å"scraped†, and in using these words it had a description of someone being hit and abused. The theme of a story, poem, and lyric’s helps the writer to convey the basis of the story and how they want the literature to come across to the reader. Once the basic formation is created the author can work towards creating tone, and many times as a reader we misunderstand the tone which is also the attitude. Jean Rhys took a hidden meaning to her tone in the story, â€Å"Used to Live Here Once†, in the way she described the children and how they did not see the woman returning to the home that she once lived. The tone and attitude that the writer was trying to convey was one that was quite solemn and somewhat sad, and the tone was a bit hidden in the manner that when first reading the story the writer portrays the character and tone used seems to indicate the story is about a woman who returns home after being gone for a while, when in actuality it is about death. With the tone and attitude being hidden in the story and poems the tone does not become easy for the reader to detect and so it is considered an ironic tone. An ironic tone depends upon a contrast between what the writer’s words seem to say and what they really mean (The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide, 2010). Jean Rhys puts a twist on the story, â€Å"Used to Live Here Once†, and in order to pick up the irony from the theme the reader will need to read the entire story. The theme was based around a woman who had gone back to a place in once she lived, but the irony was she is actually dead and she did not realize what she was seeing and doing was not real. It came to the realization when the writer wrote: â€Å"She was standing by the river looking at the stepping stones and remembering each one. † (Clugston, 2010). This was part of the theme, and as the writer continues on in the story it is written, â€Å"The only thing was the sky had a glassy look that she did not remember. † (Clugston, 2010). This helped the writer when setting the tone, and as a reader a few lines later the irony comes into play. The female character had passed and even though she has returned to where she once lived she was actually dead. This was ironic, but in literature it is classified to be situational irony which occurs when a reader or character expects one thing to happen but something else happens. As a reader we expected the character to get a response from the children when she said, â€Å"Hi†, and put her arms out to touch them, but instead they turned their heads and said, â€Å"Hasn’t it gone cold all of a sudden. D ’you notice? † (Clugston, 2010). Writers of poems sometimes use the same type of irony and they leave it to the reader to read between the lines. The title of the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, has an ironic tone because it suggests that it is about the narrator’s father, and â€Å"dancing a waltz†, and just like the story is situational irony. As a reader we would expect to hear how his dad dances the waltz and not expect the story to be about the young boy being hit by his father. Picking up on some of the lines in the poem like â€Å"at every step you missed my right ear scraped a buckle† (gawow. om). In this poem the irony was with the title not reflecting a dance but a beating. This poem like the story had the same type of ironic tone, and that is not always the case, and the ironic tone being so obvious. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost, the reader needs to read between the lines to get the meaning of the poem. Th e first lines in the poem are written â€Å"two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (bartleby. com) and at first reading it reads as though someone was walking through the woods and came to two roads but was not sure which way to go. Reading on through the poem it written â€Å"somewhere ages and ages hence: two roads diverged in a wood, and I- I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference† (bartleby. com). The tone was set that someone came to roads and decided to walk down the one less people took, but the irony is that is not what the meaning was to the poem. The meaning is hidden and the irony is Robert Frost was not talking about a road but paths we take in life. There are times in life we need to choose the path and sometimes that choice makes all the difference. The writers all took to writing in a manner that had an underlying meaning in an ironic tone, and can have a lot of symbolism. A symbol is the art or practice of using symbols especially by investing things with a symbolic meaning or by expressing the invisible or intangible by means of visible or sensuous representations (merriam-webster. com), and writers use symbols many times in their writings. Many times they use a symbol in an unconventional or traditional way. The military uses symbols to represent each branch of the service and those are generally obvious but when a reader is reading a story, poem, or lyric it is not as obvious. Jean Rhys’ used the words glassy to symbolism an unclear vision that her character had that symbolized what she was seeing was not actually real. The symbol’s representation helped the writer to set the theme and tone of the story. Stories often have some type of symbolism and they really help the reader to visualize what the writer is trying to convey. Just like a tone the symbol may not be so obvious but the reader will need to read between the lines. Creating a symbol in a story or poem helps the reader better understand the piece. In the poem, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, the waltz was a symbol. The waltz was not to represent the dance around the floor, but an actual fight. The lines written in the poem indicates just that when it was written, â€Å"we romped until the pans slid from the kitchen shelf. † (gawow. com). Just the line alone would not tell the reader that the waltz was a symbol of abuse, but the reader will need to read between the lines, and understanding that can help the writer convey the message by using symbolism. To some people a symbol has a great meaning and can represent a divine being or spirit. Thinking of a divine being of spirit, we tend to think of someone from beyond coming back like in â€Å"Used to Live Here One†, but in â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, the symbol is a divine spirit. The person who came to an impasse in their lives had to make a choice and an inner spirit helped them to choose the one that was best. Using symbols to represent things in someone’s life can be one that you can physically touch or can be a representation of something that cannot be touched. A writer uses many of things to symbolism something else and to realize that it helps that a reader understand how literature is formed by a writer. The writer takes many steps in creating a story, poem, or lyric in which the reader will enjoy. The way that the writer creates and sets a theme for their writing correlates too many aspects of using the literary terms. Once the theme has been set the writer needs to convey the tone in which they want the reader to interpret their writings. Many instances a reader will need to read between the lines in order to understand what tone the writer is writing in. The theme and tone all tie into the representation of a symbol and reading between the lines can help the reader. The writer uses symbols to symbolize something in the theme, while setting tone of story, poem, or lyrics. The writer does their best to create an enjoyable story, poem and lyric so that the reader will continue to read or share it with others. Not always does a reader need to know the literary terms but it is a good idea to know what the writer is trying to convey. references The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. (2010). Retrieved June 2011, from Credo Reference: http://www. credoreference. com/entry/heliconhe/symbolism Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey Into Literature. San Diego: Bridgepoint Eduation, Inc. Frost, R. (1920). bartelby. com. Retrieved June 2011, from bartelby. com Great Biiiks Online: http://www. bartleby. com/119/1. html Houghton Mifflin Company. (2011). Thefreedictionary. Retrieved June 2011, from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/literature Merriam-Webster. (2011). Merriam-Webster. com. Retrieved June 2011, from Merriam-Webster A Encyclopedia Britannica Company: http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/theme? show=0&t=1309486471 Roethke, T. (1942). Retrieved June 2011, from Poemhunter. com: http://www. gawow. com/roethke/poems/43. html